The rapid development and advancement of smart mobility and artificial intelligence have revolutionized the field of mobility. However, the reliance on traditional modes of transportation impedes the potential of these technologies. To address this issue, this paper proposes a disruptive modularity framework, consisting of design principles and strategies for modular and adaptive systems, allowing and supporting improved transportation convenience, efficiency, and safety. The objective of this research is to explore the potential of disruptive modularity in mobility and to identify the challenges and opportunities associated with this approach. This paper employs a systematic literature review and case study analysis to investigate the potential of disruptive modularity in mobility. The literature review provides an overview of the current state of modular transportation systems, identifies key challenges and opportunities, and examines the potential impacts of disruptive modularity on the mobility sector. The case study analysis focuses on selected modular transportation systems and explores their design, operation, and performance to propose a comprehensive disruptive modularity framework. The results of this research provide valuable insights into the potential of disruptive modularity in the mobility sector, to transform the way people and goods are transported. Disruptive modularity is based on the principle that transportation systems should be designed to be modular, adaptive, and scalable. The study proposes new design principles and strategies for how modular transportation systems can be designed, operated, and evaluated to improve transportation convenience, efficiency, and safety. These include the use of standardized interfaces, modular components, and flexible system architectures that can be easily adapted to different transportation modes. Additionally, the framework proposes the use of advanced technologies, such as artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things, to optimize system performance and reduce energy consumption. However, the scope of the analysis is limited, primarily focusing on technical aspects of disruptive modularity in transportation. Further research is required to investigate the social and ethical implications of integrating modular systems into transportation modes. While the potential benefits of disruptive modularity in the mobility sector are significant, it is important to consider the potential economic implications of this approach. For example, the widespread adoption of modular transportation systems could lead to significant job displacement in the transportation industry. It is essential to consider strategies for retraining and supporting workers who may be affected by these changes. Social and ethical challenges include the need for significant investment in infrastructure and technology, the need for a significant shift in the way transportation systems are designed and operated, and the need for public acceptance of modular transportation systems. The novelty of this paper lies in its proposed disruptive modularity framework for the mobility sector, which has not been fully explored in the current literature. Modular transportation systems have been studied in previous research, but the focus has been on improving operational efficiency and reducing the costs of transportation systems. The proposed framework offers a unique perspective on the potential of modular transportation systems to transform the mobility sector while acknowledging the limitations and challenges of integrating modular systems into transportation modes. In conclusion, this paper proposes a disruptive modularity framework for the mobility sector that has the potential to transform the transportation of goods and people. The framework offers significant benefits for the mobility sector, such as increased flexibility, efficiency, and sustainability. However, the study also identifies challenges associated with the framework that must be addressed. This paper serves as a reference for future research and development of modular systems in transportation, leading to further advancements in this emerging field.

Ms. Wing Ting Law, Senior Consultant, Hong Kong Productivity Council